Josephine County
Sheriff's Deputies Committing Piracy on JOSEPHINE
COUNTY Highways.
Raymond Ronald
Karczewski©
In Care of: PMB 115 Post Office Box
1459
Cave Junction [97523]
Oregon Republic
KIRK L.
BRUST
Deputy COREY KRAUSS
#77414
TRIAL COURT
ADMINISTRATOR
Josephine County Sheriffs
Office
Josephine County
Courts
601 NW 5th
Street
500 NW 6th
Street
Grants Pass, Oregon
97526
Grants Pass, OR 97526
SHERIFF GIL
GILBERTSON
Sgt JOHN JUSTEMA
Josephine County Sheriff's
Office
Josephine County Sheriff's Office
601 NW 5th
Street
601 NW 5th Street
Grants Pass, Oregon
97526
Grants Pass, Oregon 97526
DISTRICT ATTORNEY STEPHEN CAMPBELL
JOSEPHINE COUNTY
500 nw 6th Street,
Grants Pass OR,97526,
(541) 474-5200,
DA@co.josephine.or.us
1993 Beige Cadillac 4dr. Deville bearing private Identification
Plates. UCC # 589 259 A
See: http://www.arkenterprises.com/sovplate.jpg VIN #
1G6CD53B4P4238032 License Plates rescinded July 18th,
2005. .
KIRK L.
BRUST
U.S.P.O. Registered Mail Article No. RR 487 239 000 US
SHERIFF GIL GILBERSON U.S.P.O. Registered Mail Article No.
RR 487 238 993 US
STEPHEN CAMPBELL
U.S.P.O. Registered Mail Article No.
RR 487 238 980 US
Affidavit
of Conditional Acceptance
REQUEST FOR PROOF OF
CLAIM
April 16th, 2009
I Raymond, Ronald Karczewski © hereby accuse
SHERIFF GILBERTSON, Deputy KRAUSS, and SGT JUSTEMA with the
crimes of conspiracy to commit and the actual commission of the Crimes
of Fraud, Robbery, Kidnapping, and Holding this Living,
Breathing, Flesh-and Blood, Sentient Natural Man Hostage for the
presumed crimes/debts of another and who, at no time waived his rights,
nor consented to contract with the Corporate Officers. of JOSEPHINE
COUNTY OREGON SHERIFFS DEPARTMENT
:
I, Raymond Ronald Karczewski©, a natural born American citizen, am
a common man of the Sovereign People, arising under the original
jurisdiction of the de jure Constitution of the united States of 1789
as amended by the qualified electors of the several States of the
American union and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 for the Territories
of the de jure united States.
I, Raymond Ronald Karczewski©, a Living, Breathing,
Flesh-and-Blood, Sentient, Natural Man, am the Secured Party/Creditor,
Holder in due course, and Authorized Representative for the Juristic
Person RAYMOND RONALD KARCZEWSKI© a copyrighted
Trademark/Tradename over which this Living, Breathing, Flesh-and-Blood,
Sentient, Natural Man hold Supreme Claim. I am not an
accommodation party nor a surety for the debts of RAYMOND RONALD
KARCZEWSKI© .
I, Raymond Ronald Karczewski©, am held harmless by RAYMOND
RONALD KARCZEWSKI© in HOLD HARMLESS AND INDEMNITY AGREEMENT NO:
RRK-050302-HHIA, dated the Third Day of the Fifth Month in the Year of
Our Lord Two Thousand and Two, against all claims, legal actions,
orders, warrants, judgments, demands, liabilities, losses, depositions,
summonses, lawsuits, costs, fines, liens, levies, penalties, damages,
interests, and expenses whatsoever, both absolute and contingent, as
are now due, and as might become due, now existing, and as might
hereafter arise, and as might be suffered by, imposed on, and incurred
by RAYMOND RONALD KARCZEWSKI© for any and every
reason, purpose, and cause whatsoever. Said Hold Harmless and Indemity
agreement is filed with the Josephine County Criminal Court Clerk's
office.
Attached to this Affidavit of Conditional Acceptance: Request for Proof
of Claim are Citations #11566 iissued by Josephine County
Sheriffs Deputy KRAUSS citing ORS section 811.175 driving while
suspended and ORS section 503.560 "improper display" (a bogus
section since Oregon Vehicle Code infractions are defined in the
800.numeric range. and later Cite: # 11567, "ORS 162.247
"Interfering with a Peace Officer.
ORS 809/720 STATES: Impoundment for specified
offenses; grounds; notice; release. (1) A police
officer who has probable cause to believe that a person, at or just
prior to the time the police officer stops the person, has committed an
offense described in this subsection may, without prior notice, order
the vehicle impounded until a person with right to possession of the
vehicle complies with the conditions for release or the vehicle is
ordered released by a hearings officer. This subsection
applies to the following
offenses:
(a) Driving while suspended or revoked in violation of ORS811.175
or 811.182.
(b) Driving while under the influence of intoxicants in violation
of ORS 813.010.
---
(c) Operating without driving privileges or in violation of
license restrictions in violation of ORS 807.010.
(d) Driving uninsured in violation of ORS 806.010
The fact is KRAUSS had NO PROBABLE CAUSE to believe that at or just
PRIOR to the time he stopped me that he had information that I
violated ORS 809/720 subsections (a), (b), (c) or (d) He had no
information at all about me. Clearly, KRAUSS violated his own
Corporate "Color of Law" Policy in impounding my private automobile.
FACTS: April 14th, 2009, approx. 6:30 PM I was traveling in
my privately owned unlicensed automobile on Holland Loop Road, nearing
the intersection of Caves hiway. A JOSEPHINE COUNTY SHERIFF'S patrol
car passed me going in the opposite direction. I watched in the
Rear View mirror to observe the patrol car make an immediate
U-turn. Stopping at the intersection of Caves hiway, I made a
left heading toward town. The patrol car followed for a 1/2 mile
or so then put on his emergency lights. I pulled over to
the shoulder and he pulled up behind me. I got out of the car,
while KRAUSS, the sole occupant of the patrol car told me to get back
in my car. I ignored his warning, telling him I was Ok where I
was standing. My immediate comment to KRAUSS was that "I
did not consent to doing business with him.
He demanded License, Registration, and Proof of Insurance. I told
him directly I was not a "Person" as defined by Oregon Law, but a
Living, Breathing, Flesh-and-Blood, Sentient, Natural Man, and
was not required to have a license in order to exercise my Unalienable
Right to Travel as I was not engaged in any Commercial Activity.
I advised KRAUSS that he was infringing upon my right to
travel, as I had committed no crime and was not subject to the
Corporate policies, (Vehicle Code) whose sole purpose is to regulate
commerce and the motoring behavior of those who waive their rights and
contract with the State for a license
I asked KRAUSS repeatedly whether I was under arrest. He replied
in the negative. I showed KRAUSS my Private ID Photo Card for
identification purposes as we were going nowhere. He ran a check
on his computer and the same old BOGUS INFORMATION that my license was
suspended came up, (when I had actually rescinded my previous license
on my birthday of 1999 and so NO LICENSE has existed since that time to
be suspended. This fraudulent information has been repeatedly
brought to the attention of the Sheriff, Grants Pass Police Chief, and
State Police, and they refuse to correct the bogus computer information.
KRAUSS indicated that he was going to impound my private automobile,
but I would be free to go. When I told KRAUSS I would not accept
the citation nor honor it, that is when he folded up Cite #11566
and stuffed it in the breast pocket of my jacket. As in
prior instances, I advised KRAUSS to summon his supervisor to the scene
before he took such a rash action and that if the auto was towed,
he would have to arrest me.
His supervisor cover car arrived on the scene, and supported KRAUSS in
his actions. They repeated I was not under arrest, but they were going
to impound the automobile. I told them theirs was an Act of
Piracy, an act of Theft and I was going to leave if I was not under
arrest. I started to return to my auto, when the supervisor
grabbed my arm preventing me from going any further. They pulled
my arms behind my back and handcuffed me, put me in the back seat of
KRAUSS' patrol car, and left me there for about 45 minutes.
Jerry's Tow, the contract tow for the Sheriff's office arrived on
the scene and went about his business to tow the car. KRAUSS
asked me for my keys. stating it would cost me more if the tow operator
had to move the auto without the keys. I advised KRAUSS I would
not cooperate in any way in their false arrest (kidnapping) of me.
The auto was towed away, and KRAUSS returned telling me to get out of
the car and I was free to go. I refused to move, stating that
they would have to arrest me so that I could see the Judge and get this
questions of JURISDICTION answered once and for all. I advised KRAUSS
that I had a bad back, and any attempt to remove me forcibly might pose
a problem for them. When KRAUSS saw that I was intent for this
matter to follow through on, he returned to further consultation with
his supervisor. KRAUSS returned shortly and said that I WAS UNDER
ARREST. All of this dialogue was recorded on tape recorders in
the possession of KRAUSS and his superior. I stated my position
quite clearly so that a complete record of what was said was available
and could be used as evidence. I had stated my position quite
clear to them.
Now the real slimey conduct of the KIDNAPPING, HOSTAGE HOLDING, AND
PIRACY conduct OF THE JOSEPHINE COUNTY SHERIFFS OFFICE in the
personnage of KRAUSS and his Supervising Patrol Sergeant JOHN JUSTEMA
came into being.
KRAUSS transported me after telling me I was UNDER ARREST to the County
Jail in Grants Pass Oregon, some 35 miles away from the site of the
Traffic Stop and my home. Pay close attention to what happens next, for
what then took place ought to outrage every JOSEPHINE COUNTY taxpayer
supporting the criminal actions perpetrated by their perceived Law
Enforcers who are nothing more than law breakers engaging in the act of
Piracy. KRAUSS pulled into the INTAKE area of the jail. A massive
door opened to allow him to drive in. KRAUSS left me sitting in
the back seat with my hand cuffed in the back, while he consulted with
someone inside. KRAUSS returned with Sgt. JUSTEMA, the Patrol
Sergeant accompanying him. They asked me to get out of the car,
and I had considerable difficulty doing so, even with their
assistance. My body had cramped up from the extended time in the
back seat with cuff digging into my wrists with my arms behind me.
KRAUSE AND JUSTEMA escorted me to another giant opening door which led
to a small compartment. When the giant sliding automatic Door
closed behind us, another automatic door opened up to our front and
they escorted me through it. I now found myself standing OUTSIDE
of THE JAIL. I turned back to reenter the compartment, at which
time, BOTH KRAUSS and JUSTEMA shoved me back forcibly preventing me
from going into the jail. It was then that the Citation # 11567
for Interfering with an officer was shoved into my pocket by
KRAUSS. And there it was. Your JOSEPHINE COUNTY SHERIFF'S
OFFICE IN ACTION. Is this any way for a Law Enforcement Agency to
handle those whom they ARREST? I don't know about you folks
who are reading this, but I am sure you don't want to spend your hard
earned TAX MONEY supporting such DEVIOUS AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR.
Their fraudulent claim to arrest me by transporting me some 35 plus
miles away from my home only to release me in the manner they did IS
CLEARLY AN ACT OF KIDNAPPING.
Those are the facts, Here is my Demand of the Sheriff, Prosecuting
District Attorney and Judges of JOSEPHINE COUNTY, all fictional
entities serving the fictional Corporate Policies of the fictional
STATE OF OREGON and JOSEPHINE COUNTY CORPORATIONS which function
without regard to True Law, Constitutional Law, Common Law or One's
UNALIENABLE RIGHTS..
I demand that such FICTIONAL ENTITIES answer the following questions
which have repeatedly been sent to them while accompanied by Affidavit
only to create Commercial default and place the STATE OF OREGON AND
JOSEPHINE COUNTY in Commercial dishonor. I say prove your
Corporate JURISDICTION once and for all over this Living,
Breathing, Flesh-and-Blood, Sentient, Natural Man of the Sovereign
People, a free man, a Sovereign man or pay the invoice for monies due
and payable sent to Mr. Scott Wallace, Senior Claims &
Litigation Analyst Trident Insurance 10101 Reunion Place Suite
450 San Antonio TX, 78216, the company which underwrites the
Insurance coverage of JOSEPHINE COUNTY OREGON. See: TAKE BACK
CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT -- THE LAWFUL WAY!!
http://www.arkenterprises.com/trident4.html
Here presently (not including this instant KIDNAPPING EVENT) is
the up to date invoice for the repeated Commercial Defaults perpetrated
by Agents the STATE OF OREGON and COUNTY OF JOSEPHINE.
Perhaps you can convince the taxpaying people of OREGON and JOSEPHINE
COUNTY to bail you out. That seems to be the tactic now
commonly used by a Crimnal Government which does not follow the
law, land conducts the daily practice of Piracy, Kidnapping, Holding
Hostages for the "perceived" Crimes of another while they obey, and
respect the Consitution, the Supreme Law of the Land., Common Law, and
God-given, Unalienable Rights of Sovereign People..
INVOICE Verified Statement of Account
COUNTY OF JOSEPHINE & STATE OF OREGON
http://www.arkenterprises.com/tortjoco.html
$27,180,000.00
Grants Pass Chief of Police and JOCO Trial Administrator
http://www.arkenterprises.com/gptraff.html
$
2,000,000.00 `
JOCO Sheriff and Trial Administrator
http://www.arkenterprises.com/gptraff2.html
$ 2,000,000.00
Oregon State Police
http://www.arkenterprises.com/gptrafsp.html
$ 2,000,000.00
Judge Thomas M.
Hull
$ 2,000,000.00
http://www.arkenterprises.com/hullcort.html#Tricksters
State Police Adminstrative Court
Judge $ 2,000,000.00
http://www.arkenterprises.com/gpsphear.html#Testimony
Governor
Kulongoski,
$1,000,000.00
http://www.arkenterprises.com/dialch158.html#Oath
Attorney General
Myers,
$1,000,000.00
http://www.arkenterprises.com/dialch158.html#Oath
Total amount now due and
payable
$39,180,000.00
This Living Breathing, Flesh-and-Blood, Sentient, Natural Man is fed up
over the unlawful, Unconstitutional, Rights Infringment tactics of
a corrupt Corporate Security force (JOSEPHINE COUNTY SHERIFF'S
Department) backed by an Unconstitutional Administrative Court
and prosecutors, who are quick to arrest, cite, and incarcerate,
yet have not, will not, avoid like hell answering the simple
fundamental questions of their asserted but not proved
JURISDICTION over this living, breathing flesh-and-blood, sentient
natural man who is not a surety for the debts of the JURISTIC PERSON,
the Legal Fiction, the ONLY PERSON over whom the Courts do have
jurisdiction.
SHERIFF GIL GILBERTSON, TRIAL ADMINISTRATOR KIRK BRUST, and
DISTRICT ATTORNEY STEPHEN CAMPBELL I, Raymond Ronald
Karczewski©, this Living Breathing, Flesh-and-Blood, Sentient,
Natural Man, accept for value all terms of citations upon proof of
Claim established by your answering the following questions accompanied
by your sworn oath or affidavit:
Additionally, I demand of DISTRICT ATTORNEY STEPHEN CAMPBELL to
do the job he was put into office to do and file criminal charges
against SHERIFF GILBERTSON, SERGEANT JUSTEMA, AND DEPUTY KRAUSS
for the crimes of
conspiracy to commit and the actual commission of Kidnapping, Robbery,
Holding Hostages and Fraud upon this Living, Breathing,
Flesh-and-Blood, Sentient, Natural Man. and the People of JOSEPHINE
COUNTY
Questions of JURISDICTION
1. PROOF OF CLAIM on how the Oregon Constitution
operates upon me, Raymond Ronald Karczewski©, a living, breathing,
flesh-and-blood, sentient, natural person, the private man.
2. PROOF OF CLAIM on how the State statutes by
and through the Oregon Legislature and the DMV operate upon me, Raymond
Ronald Karczewski©, a living, breathing, flesh-and-blood,
sentient, natural person, the private man.
3. PROOF OF CLAIM that the name appearing on
the charging instrument, in capital letters; RAYMOND RONALD KARCZEWSKI,
is not a corporate fiction, but is the name of the living, breathing,
flesh-and-blood, sentient, natural person, the private man in his
private capacity.
4. PROOF OF CLAIM that the Oregon Revised
Statutes (ORS) describe any other class of license other than for
commerce or for commercial trade, occupation or profession.
5. PROOF OF CLAIM that this private man
is specifically named in the Oregon State Statutes and more
specifically ORS cites as applied in this matter. (See the PEOPLE
v.HERKIMER, 15 Am Dec 379, 4 Cowen (N.Y. 345, 348 (1825)
6. PROOF OF CLAIM that the STATE OF
OREGON, in its Corporate capacity, has Jurisdiction over this living,
breathing, flesh-and-blood, sentient, natural person/private man, the
Secured Party, Raymond Ronald Karczewski© in his private capacity
unless consented to, and/or contracted for, by that natural
person/private man.
7. PROOF OF CLAIM that the COUNTY OF
JOSEPHINE, in its Corporate capacity, has Jurisdiction over this
living, breathing, flesh-and-blood, sentient, natural person/private
man, the Secured Party, Raymond Ronald Karczewski© in his private
capacity unless consented to, and/or contracted for, by that natural
person/private man.
8. PROOF OF CLAIM that all "Officers of
the Court," which include members of the JOSEPHINE COUNTY DISTRICT
ATTORNEY'S staff, are under oath of office to support and defend both
U.S. and OREGON Constitutions.
9. PROOF OF CLAIM that Deputies and/or
Jail Staff, in their capacity as Agents for the CORPORATE JOSEPHINE
COUNTY SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT, are bound by their oath of office to
support and defend both U.S. and OREGON Constitutions.
10. PROOF OF CLAIM that the CIRCUIT
COURT OF THE STATE OF OREGON FOR JOSEPHINE COUNTY, in its Corporate
capacity, has Jurisdiction over this living, breathing,
flesh-and-blood, sentient, natural person/private man, the Secured
Party, Raymond Ronald Karczewski© in his private capacity unless
consented to, and/or contracted for, by that natural person/private man.
11. PROOF OF CLAIM of the existence of
the liability and how it was created.
12. PROOF OF CLAIM of what 'state' the
liability came from, the de jure state ('The State') or the de-facto
state ('This State'), a mere corporation.
13. PROOF OF CLAIM that the State of
Oregon DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, DMV, through its Administrative
Drivers Licensing process, has Jurisdiction over this living,
breathing, flesh-and-blood, sentient, natural person/private man, the
Secured Party, Raymond Ronald Karczewski© in his private
capacity unless consented to, and/or contracted for, by that natural
person/private man.
14. PROOF OF CLAIM that in my private
capacity, that I, Raymond Ronald Karczewski©, a living, breathing,
flesh-and-blood, sentient, natural person, the private man, is subject
to Class A, B, and C commercial driver license.
15. PROOF OF CLAIM that the State of Oregon via the DMV
sells any other ‘driver’ license.
16. PROOF OF CLAIM that the Motor Vehicle code
does not operate upon all ‘drivers’ of ‘all’ vehicles owned or operated
by ‘the United States,’ ‘this state,’ ‘or any county,’ ‘city,’
‘district,’ ‘or any other political subdivision of this state’ … and
thus operates upon this private man. (see ORS 801.020)
17. PROOF OF CLAIM that my ‘private' vehicle
is not a ‘recreational’ vehicle that is operated solely for personal
(private) use. (see ORS 801.208)
18. PROOF OF CLAIM that my ‘private' vehicle
is used for the transportation of persons for compensation or profit,
or designed or used primarily for the transportation of property (for
hire). (see ORS 801.210)
19. PROOF OF CLAIM that Raymond Ronald
Karczewski©, a living, breathing, flesh-and-blood, sentient,
natural person, the private man, was a licensee at the time of the
‘stop’ to subject himself to the motor vehicle code by agreement and as
a signatory. (see Vehicle Traffic Law, 1974 Rev Ed., page 238, 239)
20. PROOF OF CLAIM that, “In view of this rule a
statutory provision that the supervision officials “may” exempt such
persons when the transportation is not on a commercial basis means that
they “must” exempt them, generally applies in this matter. (State
v. Johnson, 243 P. 1073; 60 C.J.S. section 94 pg 581)
21. PROOF OF CLAIM that Raymond Ronald
Karczewski©, a living, breathing, flesh-and-blood, sentient,
natural person, the private man, does not have the right in light of
ORS 801.305.
22. PROOF OF CLAIM that the ‘entity’ bringing forth
this claim can testify on the witness-stand of the same and bring all
relevant evidence.
23. PROOF OF CLAIM that the prosecutor, as an agent
of the State, has established a ‘liability bond’ in this action to
indemnify Raymond Ronald Karczewski©, a living, breathing,
flesh-and-blood, sentient, natural person, the private man, in the
event of any damnification.
The Secured Party/Creditor Raymond Ronald Karczewski©
asks that you answer these Jurisdictional questions regarding the
Natural Man Raymond Ronald Karczewski© within 10 days of this
registered mailing. A non-response and/or failure to provide
proof of claim will constitute agreement that charges brought against
this living, breathing, flesh-and-blood, sentient, natural person,
Creditor and Secured Party, Raymond Ronald Karczewski© are
unfounded in common law and that Secured Party/Creditor's position is
Truth and Lawful, and his Unalienable Right to Liberty which includes
the Right to Travel is being systematically infringed upon by the
Josephine County Sheriff's office and Josephine County Courts.
Failure and/or refusal to bring forth such ‘proof of claim’ will
jointly place you Sheriff Gilbertson and you Mr. Brust as Trial Court
Administrator in dishonor, and thus constitute an admission of damage
and injury to Raymond Ronald Karczewski©, a living, breathing,
flesh-and-blood, sentient, natural man in the amount of $2,000,000.00
(Two Million Dollars) each. An additional charge of
$50,000 for the theft of my private travel conveyance (my privately
owned, non-licensed automobile) will be added.:
District Attorney CAMPBELL, I have submitted my Truth of the
above events accompanied by Affidavit and expect you to take the
responsibility your office demands. I, demand you file charges against
Sheriff GILBERTSON, Sgt. JUSTEMA and Deputy KRAUSS. The charges
of Piracy and Kidnapping are a slam dunk for any reputable, District
Attorney. You have evaded your responsibilities in this matter of
persecution of a man of the Sovereign People. in the past.
Perhaps it is time for you to finally understand the People of
Josephine County Oregon and elsewhere in America are fed up with the
Good ole Boy system covering for each other. The eyes of this
Constitutional Republic are upon you. I also expect you to answer
the questions of JURISDICTION as set forth above. You sir, also
have 10 days to respond under oath or affidavit to the Questions of
Jurisdiction. Should you fail to do so, Commercial default is
hereby monetized at $2,000,000 ( Two Million Dollars)
If the Sovereign People of Oregon and these united states of America
understood the importance of this question of Government having
Jurisdiction over Fictional Juristic Persons only, or over those who
have willingly waived their rights and consented to granting the courts
jurisdiction, THOUSANDS of innocent people languishing in prisons all
over America today would be set free because of criminal
fraudulent actions committed by judges and prosecutors throughout
Oregon and America.
This issue of government proving it has jurisdiction over Living,
Breathing, Flesh-and-Blood Sentient men and women who steadfastly hold
to their Rightful position as those of the Sovereign People goes to the
very heart of Freedom in our land. Not a single agent in the
employ of the State of Oregon and/or County of Josephine has answered
those questions since they were demanded of the court and prosecution
from the very first appearance, to the last in this issue which began
on September 6th, 2002.
I am posting this on the Internet and notifying Americans of the Fraud
being perpetrated upon them by government officials such as yourselves.
AFFIDAVIT
Affiant, Raymond Ronald Karczewski©, Common Law
Trade-Name/Trademark, © 2002, a living, breathing,
flesh-and-blood, sentient, natural man, does swear and affirm that
Affiant has scribed and read the foregoing facts, and, in accordance
with the best of Affiant's firsthand knowledge and conviction, such are
true, correct, complete, and not misleading, the truth, the whole
truth, and nothing but the truth.
This Affidavit is dated the Sixteenth Day of the Fourth Month in the
Year of Our Lord Two Thousand Nine.
____________________________________________________________
Raymond Ronald Karczewski©, Secured Party/Creditor, Claimant
STATE OF OREGON
County of Josephine } ss.
BE IT REMEMBERED, That on this _______ day of
______________, ______,
Before me, the undersigned, A Notary Public in and for the State of
Oregon, personally
appeared the within named ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
known to me to be the identical individual AS described in
and who executed the within
instrument and acknowledged to me that ___________ executed the same
freely and
voluntarily.
IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I have hereunto set My
hand And affixed my official seal the day and Year last
above Written.
_________________________________________
Notary Public of Oregon
My Commission expires: _______________________